1) Toss Up - Earth Science - Short Answer
What term refers to the amount of dissolved salt in seawater?
ANSWER: SALINITY1) Bonus - Earth Science - Short Answer
In which atmospheric layer is most of world's weather found?
ANSWER: TROPOSPHERE2) Toss Up - Biology - Multiple Choice
Veins tend to have the following except:
W) valves for unidirectional flow
X) very elastic walls
Y) thin walls
Z) increasing size toward the heart
2) Bonus - Biology - Multiple Choice
Nitrogen fixation is accomplished by:
W) plants
X) bacteria
Y) animals
Z) viruses
3) Toss Up - Astronomy - Short Answer
Which planet has a moon that was recently discovered to have huge geysers of liquid water spouting from its surface?
ANSWER: Saturn3) Bonus - Astronomy - Multiple Choice
Which of the following people constructed the first radio telescope and founded the field of radio astronomy?
W) Karl Jansky
X) Hans Lippershey
Y) Edwin Hubble
Z) Bernhard Schmidt
4) Toss Up - Astronomy - Short Answer
If the surface temperature of a star increased from 6,000 kelvin to 18,000 kelvin, how many times as much energy would it radiate?
ANSWER: 814) Bonus - Astronomy - Short Answer
Which law states that galaxies are receding from one another at velocities directly proportional to the distances separating them?
ANSWER: Hubble=92s Law (Accept: Hubble Or Hubble=92s)5) Toss Up - Math - Multiple Choice
Which of the following series converges?
W) `Sigma_(n=1)^oo 1/(n^0.5)`
X) `Sigma_(n=1)^oo 1/(n+1)`
Y) `Sigma_(n=1)^oo n/(e^n)`
Z) `Sigma_(n=1)^oo e^n/n`
5) Bonus - Math - Short Answer
What is the limit of `x^x` as x approaches 0 from the positive side?
ANSWER: 16) Toss Up - Earth And Space - Multiple Choice
Which of the following is produced by gas-to-particle conversion in the atmosphere?
W) Primary particulate matter
X) Secondary particulate matter
Y) Tertiary aerosols
Z) Primary aerosols
6) Bonus - Earth And Space - Short Answer
What are the two most abundant minerals in the continental crust?
ANSWER: QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR (ACCEPT: FELDSPAR FAMILY)7) Toss Up - Energy - Multiple Choice
A kilowatt-hour is a unit of:
W) Charge
X) Power
Y) Energy
Z) Electric potential
7) Bonus - Energy - Short Answer
What is the Gibbs free energy, in joules, of chlorine gas formation?
ANSWER: 08) Toss Up - Chemistry - Short Answer
What type of magnetism exists in substances in which electrons are unpaired and are very weakly attracted by magnetic fields?
ANSWER: Paramagnetism (accept: paramagnetic)8) Bonus - Chemistry - Multiple Choice
About how many calories per gram will it take to sublimate water at standard pressure:
W) 180
X) 360
Y) 540
Z) 720
9) Toss Up - Biology - Multiple Choice
Which of the following portions of a gene could ultimately be translated to protein?
W) Exon
X) Terminator
Y) Intron
Z) Promoter
9) Bonus - Biology - Multiple Choice
What is the reason why many modern crop-producing plants, such as wheat, have much larger cell volumes than the ancestral wild plants from which they were derived?
W) Plants can tolerate trisomy [TRY-soh-mee]
X) Plants can tolerate polyploidy [pol-ee-PLOI-dee]
Y) Plants have been genetically engineered
Z) Plants tolerate gene duplications
10) Toss Up - Physics - Short Answer
A change in velocity per change in time is most commonly known as what?
ANSWER: ACCELERATION10) Bonus - Physics - Short Answer
If 4 coulombs of charge pass through a conductor in half a second, what was the average current in amperes?
ANSWER: 811) Toss Up - Physics - Multiple Choice
A 875 kg car drives through a vertical frictionless loop with a radius of 32.4 meters. What minimum velocity must the car have at the top to round the loop without faling off? Take g to be 10 meters per second.
W) 10.5 m/s
X) 15 m/s
Y) 18 m/s
Z) 22 m/s
11) Bonus - Physics - Short Answer
In electromagnetic waves, Faraday's law relates increasing magnetic flux to the path integral of electric field. The two quantities are related by which proportionality constant?
ANSWER: C (ACCEPT THE SPEED OF LIGHT)12) Toss Up - Astronomy - Short Answer
What is Saturn’s biggest moon?
ANSWER: TITAN12) Bonus - Astronomy - Short Answer
What planet is 17.2 times the mass of the Earth, has a year 164 times as long as the Earth, and has a diameter of 49,528 kilometer?
ANSWER: NEPTUNE13) Toss Up - Energy - Multiple Choice
Which of the following devices stores electrical energy in chemical form in order to release it slowly through a circuit?
W) Inductor
X) Resistor
Y) Capacitor
Z) Battery
13) Bonus - Energy - Multiple Choice
Which of the following types of battery is most commonly used in automobiles?
W) Lithium-ion (read as: LI-thee-uhm)
X) Nickel Cadmium
Y) Lead-acid
Z) Zinc chloride
14) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice
Which of the following is a nonpolar molecule with polar bonds?
W) F2
X) CHF3
Y) HCI
Z) C02
14) Bonus - Chemistry - Short Answer
M represents some unknown element. When M2S3 is heated in air, it is converted to M02. A 4.000g sample of M2S3 shows a decrease in mass of .277 g when it is heated in air. To the nearest whole number, what is the average atomic mass of M?
ANSWER: 184 g/mol15) Toss Up - Physics - Multiple Choice
A simple pendulum [PEN-Juh-luhm] is pulled back to a large angle less than 90°, so that the small angle approximation is no longer valid for this situation. Which of the following statements is true about the period of oscillation of the pendulum?
W) It is independent of the amplitude
X) It is larger than the small angle approximation
Y) It is smaller than the small angle approximation z) It depends on the square root of the amplitude
15) Bonus - Physics - Multiple Choice
A motor has a DC resistance of 5 ohms. The motor operates on 220 volt AC, and when running at full speed, it generates a back electromotive force of 200 volts. What is the current, in amperes, drawn when the motor operates at top speed?
W) 0.4
X) 4
Y) 40
Z) 44
16) Toss Up - Physics - Short Answer
The lens-maker’s equation relates the focal length of a glass lens to the radii of curvature of the lens’s two surfaces and what other property of the lens?
ANSWER: INDEX OF REFRACTION (ACCEPT: REFRACTIVE INDEX)16) Bonus - Physics - Short Answer
Green light has a wavelength of 500 nanometers. What is its associated frequency, in hertz?
ANSWER: 6 x 10^1417) Toss Up - Math - Short Answer
What is the region between two concentric circles called?
ANSWER: AN ANNULUS17) Bonus - Math - Multiple Choice
For the graph of the function f (x) = 1/x what does the
line at x = 0 represent?
W) circle
X) hyperbola
Y) vertical asymptote
Z) horizontal asymptote
18) Toss Up - Earth And Space - Short Answer
What is the term for radiation emitted by an electron undergoing relativistic helical motion around a magnetic field?
ANSWER: SYNCHROTRON18) Bonus - Earth And Space - Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding NOAA and NASA’s prediction for the next solar cycle?
W) The peak is expected in May 2013
X) The peak will have a higher than average number of sunspots
Y) The peak will lead to magnetic storms around Earth’s poles
z) The peak will be associated with increases in solar radio emissions
19) Toss Up - Astronomy - Multiple Choice
Why are southern hemisphere winters slightly warmer than northern hemisphere winters?
W) The Earth is closer to the Sun during that period
X) El Nino occurs in the southern hemisphere
Y) The southern hemisphere has a greater ratio of ocean to land
Z) The southern hemisphere has a greater ratio of land to ocean
19) Bonus - Astronomy - Short Answer
Of the planets that circle the Sun, which planet has the most eccentric orbit?
ANSWER: pluto20) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice
The rate-determining step of a reaction is the
W) fastest step.
X) slowest step.
Y) first step.
Z) last step.
20) Bonus - Chemistry - Multiple Choice
What is the general relationship between concentration and
reaction rate?
W) The higher the concentration, the higher the reaction rate
X) The higher the concentration, the lower the reaction rate
Y) Concentration and reaction rate vary inversely
Z) There is no relationship between the two
21) Toss Up - Physics - Short Answer
The splitting of absorption lines due to the presence of an electric field is known as the what?
ANSWER: INVERSE STARK EFFECT21) Bonus - Physics - Multiple Choice
Johannes Stark won a nobel prize for his discovery in which year?
W) 1914
X) 1919
Y) 1929
Z) 1942
22) Toss Up - General Science - Multiple Choice
All of the following are naturally occurring toxic chemicals except
W) cadmium
X) botulinum toxin
Y) cobra venom
Z) hemlock
22) Bonus - General Science - Short Answer
What is the term that means to pass time in a sleeplike state during the hottest and driest months of the year?
ANSWER: ESTIVATE23) Toss Up - General Science - Multiple Choice
Which of the following is the BEST description of an ecological niche:
W) a situation in which a species is well adapted to a specific set of environmental conditions
X) the biomass load of a given environment
Y) a pollutant that becomes concentrated in organisms as it moves up through the food chain
Z) all the environmental conditions, plants, and animals of an isolated area
23) Bonus - General Science - Short Answer
Lichens are a symbiotic relationship of what 2 general types of organisms?
ANSWER: GREEN ALGAE AND FUNGI (ACCEPT: ALGAE OR CYANOBACTERIA FOR GREEN ALGAE)24) Toss Up - Earth Science - Multiple Choice
Which of the following is NOT classified as a high-level
cloud:
W) altocumulus
X) cirrocumulus
Y) cirrostratus
Z) cirrus
24) Bonus - Earth Science - Multiple Choice
The Namib desert of southwest Africa is an example of what type of desert:
W) continental
X) subtropical
Y) rainshadow
Z) coastal
25) Toss Up - Chemistry - Multiple Choice
A molecule that has a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry will have how many charge clouds around its central atom:
W) 4
X) 5
Y) 6
Z) 8
25) Bonus - Chemistry - Short Answer
Using electrophoresis at a pH of 6.0, which two of the following 5 amino acids would move the least remaining at the origin? arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, lysine?
ANSWER: GLYCINE, ALANINE